Titel:	Finding landmarks - An investigation of viewing behavior during spatial navigation in VR using a graph-theoretical analysis approach
Autor(en):	Walter, Jasmin L. Essmann, Lucas König, Sabine U. König, Peter
ORCID des Autors:	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-7778 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5981-2025 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3654-5267
Zusammenfassung:	Vision provides the most important sensory information for spatial navigation. Recent technical advances allow new options to conduct more naturalistic experiments in virtual reality (VR) while additionally gathering data of the viewing behavior with eye tracking investigations. Here, we propose a method that allows one to quantify characteristics of visual behavior by using graph-theoretical measures to abstract eye tracking data recorded in a 3D virtual urban environment. The analysis is based on eye tracking data of 20 participants, who freely explored the virtual city Seahaven for 90 minutes with an immersive VR headset with an inbuild eye tracker. To extract what participants looked at, we defined “gaze” events, from which we created gaze graphs. On these, we applied graph-theoretical measures to reveal the underlying structure of visual attention. Applying graph partitioning, we found that our virtual environment could be treated as one coherent city. To investigate the importance of houses in the city, we applied the node degree centrality measure. Our results revealed that 10 houses had a node degree that exceeded consistently two-sigma distance from the mean node degree of all other houses. The importance of these houses was supported by the hierarchy index, which showed a clear hierarchical structure of the gaze graphs. As these high node degree houses fulfilled several characteristics of landmarks, we named them “gaze-graph-defined landmarks”. Applying the rich club coefficient, we found that these gaze-graph-defined landmarks were preferentially connected to each other and that participants spend the majority of their experiment time in areas where at least two of those houses were visible. Our findings do not only provide new experimental evidence for the development of spatial knowledge, but also establish a new methodology to identify and assess the function of landmarks in spatial navigation based on eye tracking data.
Bibliografische Angaben:	Walter JL, Essmann L, König SU, König P (2022): Finding landmarks - An investigation of viewing behavior during spatial navigation in VR using a graph-theoretical analysis approach. PLoS Comput Biol 18(6): e1009485
URL:	https://doi.org/10.48693/267 https://osnadocs.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/ds-202303018426
Schlagworte:	Graphs; Centrality; Vision; Eye movements; Virtual reality; Colliders; Graph theory; Sensory perception
Erscheinungsdatum:	6-Jun-2022
Lizenzbezeichnung:	Attribution 4.0 International
URL der Lizenz:	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Publikationstyp:	Einzelbeitrag in einer wissenschaftlichen Zeitschrift [Article]
Enthalten in den Sammlungen:	FB08 - Hochschulschriften Open-Access-Publikationsfonds

Diese Ressource wurde unter folgender Copyright-Bestimmung veröffentlicht: Lizenz von Creative Commons